Pregnancy incidence, outcomes and associated factors in a cohort of women living with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-2016.

The aim of this research was to analyze pregnancy incidence and associated factors in a cohort of 753 women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1996 to 2016. Women aged 18-49 years who were not on menopause (surgical or natural) and did not have a tubal ligation were eligible for the study. Data were collected by medical professionals during initial and follow-up visits. Person-time pregnancy incidence rates were calculated throughout the follow-up period. Pregnancy incidence-associated factors were investigated by univariate and multiple analyzes, using an extension of the Cox survival model. Follow-up visits recorded 194 pregnancies, with an incidence rate of 4.01/100 person-years (95% CI: 3.47; 4.60). A higher pregnancy incidence was associated with CD4 nadir ≥ 350 cells/mm³, use of an antiretroviral regimen not containing Efavirenz, and prior teenage pregnancy. In turn, women with a viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL, age ≥ 35 years old, with two or more children and using a highly effective contraceptive method showed a lower incidence. Results showed a significant reduction in pregnancy incidence after 2006, a significant reduction in female sterilization from 1996 to 2016, and a high rate of cesarean sections. The association found between pregnancy incidence and the use of contraceptive methods and virological control markers suggests a good integration between HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services. The high rate of cesarean section delivery indicates the need to improve childbirth care.

The presence of extra-pulmonary treatable traits increases the likelihood of responding to pulmonary rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION: Studies suggest that people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are worse at baseline respond better to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). Identifying treatable traits (TTs) may help to distinguish responders from non-responders. We explored the impact of PR on extra-pulmonary traits of people with COPD and whether the presence of TT influences the type of response to PR. METHODS: A comprehensive assessment of 9 TT including symptoms (dyspnoea, fatigue, anxiety and depression), functional capacity, deconditioning, balance, impact of the disease and health-related quality of life was conducted before and after a 12-week community-based PR programme. Pre-post differences between people with or without each TT at baseline were compared with independent samples t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests. Proportion of responders between groups were explored with chi-square tests and odds ratio. RESULTS: 102 people with COPD were included (70 [65; 75] years old, 78% male, FEV1 47 [36; 60] %predicted). They had a median of 3 (out of 9) TTs per person and each patient responded on average to 5 (out of 9) outcomes of PR. People with TT were more responsive than those without them in all outcomes (p < 0.05) except for the 1-min sit-to-stand test. The presence of TT increased 4 to 20 times the likelihood of being a good responder. CONCLUSIONS: Identification of baseline extra-pulmonary TT in people with COPD showed the potential to inform on PR responsiveness and might therefore be an important strategy for patient prioritization, treatment personalisation (i.e., activation of the most suitable components) and optimisation.

Pregnancy incidence, outcomes and associated factors in a cohort of women living with HIV/AIDS in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1996-2016 / Incidência, desfechos e fatores associados à gravidez em uma coorte de mulheres vivendo com HIV/aids no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1996-2016 / Incidencia, resultados y factores asociados con el embarazo en una cohorte de mujeres que viven con VIH/SIDA en Río de Janeiro, Brasil, 1996-2016

Abstract The aim of this research was to analyze pregnancy incidence and associated factors in a cohort of 753 women living with HIV/AIDS (WLWHA) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1996 to 2016. Women aged 18-49 years who were not on menopause (surgical or natural) and did not have a tubal ligation were eligible for the study. Data were collected by medical professionals during initial and follow-up visits. Person-time pregnancy incidence rates were calculated throughout the follow-up period. Pregnancy incidence-associated factors were investigated by univariate and multiple analyzes, using an extension of the Cox survival model. Follow-up visits recorded 194 pregnancies, with an incidence rate of 4.01/100 person-years (95% CI: 3.47; 4.60). A higher pregnancy incidence was associated with CD4 nadir ≥ 350 cells/mm³, use of an antiretroviral regimen not containing Efavirenz, and prior teenage pregnancy. In turn, women with a viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL, age ≥ 35 years old, with two or more children and using a highly effective contraceptive method showed a lower incidence. Results showed a significant reduction in pregnancy incidence after 2006, a significant reduction in female sterilization from 1996 to 2016, and a high rate of cesarean sections. The association found between pregnancy incidence and the use of contraceptive methods and virological control markers suggests a good integration between HIV/AIDS and reproductive health services. The high rate of cesarean section delivery indicates the need to improve childbirth care.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a incidência de gravidez e fatores associados em uma coorte de mulheres vivendo com HIV/aids (MVHA) no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foi realizada uma coorte clínica com 753 MVHA entre 1996 e 2016. Mulheres com idade entre 18-49 anos que não estavam na menopausa natural ou cirúrgica e que não tinham laqueadura tubária foram elegíveis para o estudo. Os dados foram coletados durante as consultas iniciais e de acompanhamento por profissionais médicos. As taxas de incidência por pessoa-tempo foram calculadas durante todo o período de acompanhamento. Análises univariadas e múltiplas foram realizadas para investigar fatores associados à incidência de gravidez, utilizando uma extensão do modelo de sobrevida de Cox. Foram registradas 194 gestações durante as consultas de acompanhamento, com uma taxa de incidência de 4,01/100 pessoas-ano (IC95%: 3,47-4,60). Uma maior incidência de gravidez foi associada a nadir CD4 ≥ 350 células/mm³, terapia antirretroviral sem Efavirenz e gravidez anterior na adolescência, enquanto uma menor incidência foi observada em mulheres com carga viral ≥ 50 cópias/mL, idade ≥ 35 anos, com dois ou mais filhos e que usavam um método contraceptivo altamente eficaz. Houve uma redução significativa na incidência de gestações após 2006, uma redução significativa na esterilização feminina entre 1996 e 2016 e uma alta taxa de cesarianas. A associação entre a incidência de gestações e o uso de métodos contraceptivos e marcadores de controle virológico sugere uma boa integração entre HIV/aids e serviços de saúde reprodutiva. A alta taxa de cesarianas indica a necessidade de melhoria na assistência ao parto.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la incidencia del embarazo y los factores asociados en una cohorte de mujeres que viven con VIH/SIDA (MVHA) en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. Se realizó una cohorte clínica con 753 MVHA entre 1996 y 2016. Las mujeres de 18-49 años que no estaban en la menopausia natural o quirúrgica y que no tenían ligadura de trompas fueron elegibles para el estudio. Los datos se recopilaron durante las consultas iniciales y de seguimiento por parte de profesionales médicos. Las tasas de incidencia por persona-tiempo se calcularon durante todo el período de seguimiento. Se realizaron análisis univariados y múltiples para investigar los factores asociados con la incidencia del embarazo utilizando una extensión del modelo de supervivencia de Cox. Se registraron 194 embarazos durante las consultas de seguimiento, con una tasa de incidencia de 4,01/100 personas-año (IC95%: 3,47-4,60). Una mayor incidencia de embarazo se asoció con nadir CD4 ≥ 350 células/mm3, terapia antirretroviral sin Efavirenz y embarazo previo en la adolescencia, mientras que una menor incidencia se observó en mujeres con carga viral ≥ 50 copias/mL, edad ≥ 35 años, con dos o más hijos y que usaban un método anticonceptivo muy eficaz. Hubo una reducción significativa en la incidencia de embarazos después de 2006, una reducción significativa en la esterilización femenina entre 1996 y 2016 y una alta tasa de cesáreas. La asociación entre la incidencia de embarazos y el uso de métodos anticonceptivos y marcadores de control virológico sugiere una buena integración entre el VIH/SIDA y los servicios de salud reproductiva. La alta tasa de cesáreas indica la necesidad de mejorar la asistencia al parto.

Geographic Variation in Top-10 Prescribed Medicines and Potentially Inappropriate Medication in Portugal: An Ecological Study of 2.2 Million Older Adults.

Multiple medication intake by older adults is considered a serious public health concern since it is associated with increased risk of adverse drug reactions and potentially inappropriate medication (PIM). This study described the top-10 prescribed active substances considering geographical distribution and PIM prescription in older adults. A cross-sectional ecological study using data on the active substances prescribed to people aged 65 years or older during 2020 was conducted. Information on active substances and the respective defined daily doses (DDD) stratified by age group, sex and region were collected from a Portuguese health administrative database. The average number of prescribed packages and DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day of top-10 active substances were assessed. This study included a total of 2,228,090 older adults (58% females). The furosemide and atorvastatin were the active substances with higher prescription rates (mean DDD/1000 inhabitants/day) in all ARS in both males and females, in comparison with the other top-10 active substances. Our results showed geographic differences in prescription, illustrated by more prescriptions in ARS North and Centre and fewer prescriptions in ARS Algarve. In females, two out of the 10 most prescribed active substances were PIM (benzodiazepines and opioids). Geographic disparities in PIM prescription across Portuguese regions were also observed. This study shows that drugs for the cardiovascular system were the active substances most prescribed to older adults. The prescription of benzodiazepines and opioids, classified as PIM, among females, alerts officials to the need of health policies to decrease inappropriate medication. The observed geographic differences in the 10 most prescribed active substances and in PIM prescription emphasized the importance of investing in medication optimization across the Portuguese regions.

Physical activity, exercise capacity and mortality risk in people with interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Physical activity and exercise measures show potential to predict mortality in people with interstitial lung disease. This study summarized evidence on the association between physical activity and exercise capacity measures and mortality risk in people with interstitial lung disease and quantified its magnitude by meta-analysis. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCO were searched until May 2020 with updates until September 2021. Two authors screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. A random-effects meta-analysis for each physical activity measure was conducted using logarithmic hazard ratios. RESULTS: Fifty-two studies of 10,349-people with interstitial lung disease (64 ±â€¯9 years; 67%men) were included. A significant association between at least one measure of physical activity and exercise and mortality risk was found in 44-studies. Most reported measures were the six-minute walk test, oxygen uptake (VO2), work (watts-W) and time spent in physical activity. Meta-analysis showed that individuals with six-minute walk distance < 250 m had more than twofold higher mortality risk, than those with six-minute walk distance ≥ 350 m. Individuals presenting a six-minute walk distance decrease ≥ 26 m over 6-48 months showed an almost threefold higher mortality risk. An increase of 10-20 W or 10 %predicted in workload and a time spent in physical activity ≥ 100 min/week or ≥0.031 kcal/min/kg/day were associated with an overall 12 % and 45 % lower mortality risk, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity and exercise capacity measures were associated with mortality risk in people with interstitial lung disease. Most studies used the six-minute walk test and more evidence is needed on the other measures (i.e., VO2, work and physical activity time). Personalized interventions to improve physical activity and exercise capacity should be considered to delay premature mortality in people with interstitial lung disease. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020187952.

Educational Interventions to Reduce Prescription and Dispensing of Antibiotics in Primary Care: A Systematic Review of Economic Impact.

Antibiotic resistance remains a crucial global public health problem with excessive and inappropriate antibiotic use representing an important driver of this issue. Strategies to improve antibiotic prescription and dispensing are required in primary health care settings. The main purpose of this review is to identify and synthesize available evidence on the economic impact of educational interventions to reduce prescription and dispensing of antibiotics among primary health care professionals. Information about the clinical impact resulting from the implementation of interventions was also gathered. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE were the scientific databases used to search and identify relevant studies. Of the thirty-three selected articles, most consisted of a simple intervention, such as a guideline implementation, while the others involved multifaceted interventions, and differed regarding study populations, designs and settings. Main findings were grouped either into clinical or cost outcomes. Twenty of the thirty-three articles included studies reporting a reduction in outcome costs, namely in antibiotic cost and associated prescription costs, in part due to an overall improvement in the appropriateness of antibiotic use. The findings of this study show that the implementation of educational interventions is a cost-effective strategy to reduce antibiotic prescription and dispensing among primary healthcare providers.

Monthly Follow-Ups of Functional Status in People with COPD: A Longitudinal Study.

Functional status is an important and meaningful outcome in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), although its measurement is not embedded in routine clinical assessments. This study described the functional status of people with COPD using the 1-min sit-to-stand test (1minSTS) over a 6-month period and the examined sociodemographic and clinical characteristics associated with this outcome. Data from a prospective study including people with COPD were analyzed. Functional status was assessed monthly with the 1minSTS over 6 months. Linear-mixed effect models assessed the 1minSTS number of repetitions mean change. One-hundred and eight participants (82.4% men; 66.9 ± 9.5 years) were included. A significantly lower number of repetitions in the 1minSTS over the 6-month period was associated with being female (estimate: −4.69, 95%CI: −8.20; −1.18), being older (estimate: −0.56, 95%CI: −0.77; −0.34), having higher BMI (estimate: −0.55, 95%CI: −0.81; −0.28) and having higher activity-related dyspnea (estimate: −2.04, 95%CI: −3.25; −0.83). Half of the participants showed improvements above three repetitions in the 1minSTS over the 6-month period, independently of their baseline impairment (1minSTS < 70% predicted: 52.5%; ≥70% predicted: 54.4%). To conclude, monthly follow-up assessments were associated with clinically relevant benefits in the functional status of people with COPD. Age, body composition, and activity-related dyspnea were the main predictors of functional status over time. Further research is needed to corroborate our findings and to support the beneficial effects of regular COPD monitoring.

Quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the role of positive psychological factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in quality of life (QoL) of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) between diagnosis (Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis), gender (male and female), treatment condition (with and without surgery), and attachment styles (secure, preoccupied, and disconnected); to examine associations between QoL, sociodemographic, clinical, and positive psychological variables; to determine whether sociodemographic, clinical, and positive psychological variables predict QoL. METHOD: The sample included 70 participants diagnosed with IBD (Mage = 43.37 years, SD = 12.81), of whom 71.4% were females and 67.1% had Crohn's Disease. Positive psychological variables (meaning in life, positive body image, and attachment styles), sociodemographic (age, education, gender) and clinical variables (diagnosis, disease duration, surgery) were assessed as independent variables. QoL was the dependent variable, analyzed through four domains (physical, psychological, social, environment). RESULTS: Participants with a secure attachment style reported higher QoL (physical, psychological, and social) than participants with a preoccupied attachment style. Strong positive correlations were found between positive psychological variables and QoL. Body appreciation was a significant predictor of three QoL domains (physical, psychological, and environment). Meaning in life made a unique contribution to the social QoL regression model, and it was also a significant predictor of psychological QoL. Body acceptance by others was a significant predictor of physical QoL, whereas disease duration and education predicted environment QoL. Attachment styles did not predict any QoL domain. CONCLUSION: The most significant predictors of QoL in patients with IBD were body appreciation and meaning in life. Body acceptance by others and body appreciation were the main predictors of physical QoL. Psychological interventions for patients who suffer from IBD should address body appreciation and meaning in life.

Adverse Childhood Events and Health Biomarkers: A Systematic Review.

Background: This systematic review aimed to summarize evidence reporting epigenetic and/or neuro-immuno-endocrine embedding of adverse childhood events (ACEs) in children, with a particular focus on the short-term biological effect of those experiences. Methods: A search was conducted in PsycINFO®, PubMed®, Isi Web of Knowledge and Scopus, until July 2019, to identify papers reporting the short-term biological effects of exposure to ACEs. Results: The search identified 58 studies, that were included in the review. Regarding exposure, the type of ACE more frequently reported was sexual abuse (n = 26), followed by life stressors (n = 20) and physical abuse (n = 19). The majority (n = 17) of studies showed a positive association between ACEs and biomarkers of the immune system. Regarding DNA methylation 18 studies showed more methylation in participants exposed to ACEs. Two studies presented the effect of ACEs on telomere length and showed that exposure was associated with shorter telomere length. Conclusion: Overall the associations observed across studies followed the hypothesis that ACEs are associated with biological risk already at early ages. This is supporting evidence that ACEs appear to get "under the skin" and induce physiological changes and these alterations might be strongly associated with later development of disease.

Effectiveness of multimodal interventions focused on smoking cessation in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is a significant risk factor for mortality and morbidity among patients with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the effectiveness of multimodal smoking cessation interventions in adult smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Relevant electronic databases were searched for clinical trials that combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological smoking cessation interventions for patients with schizophrenia, published up to October 2020. Primary outcomes were smoking abstinence and smoking reduction. Secondary outcomes consisted in psychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: A final sample of nine articles was obtained from a total of 208 studies. All studies reported higher biochemically validated smoking reduction rates after treatment. However, the majority of the studies reported low smoking abstinence rates, which progressively decreased over time. Multimodal interventions did not worsen psychiatric symptoms. CONCLUSION: Evidence suggests that multimodal smoking cessation interventions for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia should be recommended by clinicians, as they showed to be effective in reducing smoking without worsening psychiatric symptoms. Further studies are needed to understand how interventions can become more effective in helping patients achieve long-term smoking abstinence.

Socioeconomic circumstances and lung function growth from early adolescence to early adulthood.

BACKGROUND: A reduced lung function in early adulthood is associated with respiratory and non-respiratory diseases and is a long-term predictor of mortality. This study investigated the association between early socioeconomic circumstances (SEC) and lung function growth trajectories from early adolescence until early adulthood. METHODS: We analysed data from the EPITeen population-based study, including adolescents born in 1990. Study waves occurred at 13, 17 and 21 years of age. Information on sociodemographic, behavioural and health factors, anthropometry and spirometry was collected. Early-life SEC were assessed using maternal education and paternal occupational position. The forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) growth trajectories were drawn considering sex-and-height interactions over an 8-year period. Our sample included 2022 participants with complete information for the relevant variables. RESULTS: Participants from most disadvantaged SEC presented lower FEV1 at early adolescence compared to high-SEC counterparts, but differences seem to diminish with height growth. The effect of paternal occupational position in lung function growth trajectories was moderated by height, thus individuals from fathers with less advantaged occupational position had lower FEV1 at early adolescence, but they had a faster FEV1 growth over time. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals from most disadvantaged SEC presented lower lung function at early adolescence compared to high-SEC counterparts; nevertheless, a catch-up growth was observed. IMPACT: Lower socioeconomic circumstances were previously associated with reduced lung function and a higher risk of respiratory diseases in adults. Fewer studies analysed the effects of early-life socioeconomic circumstances in lung function growth during adolescence. Disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances were associated with lower lung function in early adolescence. However, social differences diminished over adolescence, suggesting a catch-up growth of lung function among those from lower socioeconomic circumstances. An improved understanding of the mechanism underlying lung function catch-up (or the absence of catch-up) might support interventions to narrow social inequalities in respiratory health and should be further investigated.

Are in Person and Telephone Interviews Equivalent Modes of Administrating the CAT, the FACIT-FS and the SGRQ in People With COPD?

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic brought numerous challenges, namely in routine assessment of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The COPD Assessment Test (CAT), the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness-Fatigue-Subscale (FACIT-FS) and the St. George's respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ) are important patient-reported outcome measures used to assess people with COPD, but its face-to-face application has been compromised. The telephone interview offers a simple and effective alternative, yet uncertainty regarding its equivalence remains. This study aimed to establish the reliability and validity of the CAT, the FACIT-FS and the SGRQ administered by telephone interview in people with COPD. Methods: Data from an observational prospective study including people with COPD were analyzed. Participants answered to the CAT, FACIT-FS and SGRQ questionnaires in person and by telephone, with a maximum interval of 48-h. Participants were randomly selected to answer first to the in-person questionnaire followed by telephone or vice versa. Reliability measures included internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha, test-retest reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1), test-retest measurement error with the standard error of measurement (SEM) and agreement with the Bland and Altman 95% limits of agreement. Validity was assessed with the Spearman correlation (rho). Results: Fifty-five people with COPD (44 men; 68.1 ± 7.9 years; FEV1: 59.1 ± 20.3% predicted) were included. Similar internal consistency was observed between in person vs. telephone interview for the CAT (0.82 vs. 0.84), the FACIT-FS (0.83 vs. 0.84) and the SGRQ (0.92 vs. 0.93). Test-retest reliability was excellent, with an ICC2,1 of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65; 0.86), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.77; 0.92) and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.90; 0.96) for the CAT, FACIT-FS and SGRQ total scores, respectively. The SEM showed a low level of associated measurement error and the Bland and Altman plots illustrated a good level of agreement between both modes of administration, with no evidence of systematic bias. Robust positive correlations (rho 0.87-0.94, p < 0.001) were found for the CAT, FACIT-FS and SGRQ total scores applied by both methods. Conclusion: The telephonic administration of the CAT, the FACIT-FS and the SGRQ are a valid and reliable alternative approach to in person interviews for monitoring symptoms and health-related quality of life in people with COPD. The telephone might be an important add-on for personalized assessment and management of COPD thru remote monitoring.

Life-course socioeconomic disadvantage and lung function: a multicohort study of 70 496 individuals.

BACKGROUND: Lung function is an important predictor of health and a marker of physical functioning at older ages. This study aimed to quantify the years of lung function lost according to disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions across the life-course. METHODS: This multicohort study used harmonised individual-level data from six European cohorts with information on life-course socioeconomic disadvantage and lung function assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC). 70 496 participants (51% female) aged 18-93 years were included. Socioeconomic disadvantage was measured in early life (low paternal occupational position), early adulthood (low educational level) and adulthood (low occupational position). Risk factors for poor lung function (e.g. smoking, obesity, sedentary behaviour, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases) were included as potential mediators. The years of lung function lost due to socioeconomic disadvantage were computed at each life stage. RESULTS: Socioeconomic disadvantage during the life-course was associated with a lower FEV1. By the age of 45 years, individuals experiencing disadvantaged socioeconomic conditions had lost 4-5 years of healthy lung function versus their more advantaged counterparts (low educational level -4.36 (95% CI -7.33--2.37) for males and -5.14 (-10.32--2.71) for females; low occupational position -5.62 (-7.98--4.90) for males and -4.32 (-13.31--2.27) for females), after accounting for the risk factors for lung function. By the ages of 65 years and 85 years, the years of lung function lost due to socioeconomic disadvantage decreased by 2-4 years, depending on the socioeconomic indicator. Sensitivity analysis using FVC yielded similar results to those using FEV1. CONCLUSION: Life-course socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with lower lung function and predicts a significant number of years of lung function loss in adulthood and at older ages.

Impacto da supervisão clínica em enfermagem na avaliação e intervenção no autocuidado / Impacto de la supervisión clínica de enfermería en la evaluación e intervención del autocuidado / Impact of clinical supervision in nursing on self-care evaluation and intervention

Objetivo: avaliar concordância, relacionada ao grau de dependência no autocuidado, entre pesquisador, enfermeiros e prontuários antes e após implementação do Modelo SafeCare e avaliar as intervenções de enfermagem relativas ao autocuidado prescritas, antes e após implementação do Modelo SafeCare. Método: estudo quase experimental. Para coleta dos dados, em 2017 e 2019, utilizou-se instrumento de avaliação do autocuidado antes e após implementação do Modelo de supervisão clínica em enfermagem (SafeCare). Resultados: participaram 216 pacientes. A concordância entre pesquisador e enfermeiros aumentou do pré-teste para o pós-teste nos autocuidados higiene (k=0,79), alimentar-se (k=0,73) e posicionar-se (k=0,79). Nas intervenções de enfermagem, verificou-se existência de concordância entre todos os avaliadores no pós-teste, ao contrário do pré-teste em que não existiu concordância na intervenção "incentivar o autocuidado: higiene" entre pesquisador e enfermeiros/prontuários. Conclusão: a concordância entre formulários preenchidos pelos grupos individualmente aumentou significativamente na maioria dos autocuidados avaliados e das intervenções prescritas após implementação do Modelo SafeCare.

Objetivo: conocer los dilemas éticos experimentados en la práctica del equipo de salud en el cuidado de la persona en tratamiento oncológico. Método: estudio cuasi-experimental, en el que se utilizó, para la recolección de datos entre 2017 y 2019, un instrumento para evaluar el autocuidado antes y después de la implementación del Modelo de supervisión clínica en enfermería (SafeCare). Resultados: participaron 216 pacientes. La concordancia entre el investigador y las enfermeras aumentó desde la prueba previa a la prueba posterior en los cuidados personales: higienizarse (k=0,79), alimentarse (k=0,73) y posicionarse (k=0,79). En las intervenciones de enfermería, hubo acuerdo entre todos los calificadores en la prueba posterior, a diferencia de la prueba previa, en la que no hubo acuerdo en la intervención "fomento del autocuidado: higienización" entre investigador y enfermeros/registros. Conclusión: los profesionales de la salud experimentan dilemas éticos a diario y, en su mayor parte, tienen conocimiento sobre ellos, aunque se ha encontrado ambigüedad entre los términos conflicto ético y dilema ético.

Objective: to assess the agreement between researcher, nurses and medical records in relation to self-care dependency levels before and after the implementation of the SafeCare Model and to evaluate the nursing interventions related to self-care provided before and after the implementation of the SafeCare Model. Method: quasi-experimental study. For data collection, in 2017 and 2019, a self-care assessment instrument was used before and after the implementation of the model of clinical supervision in nursing (SafeCare). Results: 216 patients participated in the study. Agreement between researcher and nurses increased from pre-test to post-test in hygiene (k=0.79), self-feeding (k=0.73) and self-transferring (k=0.79). In nursing interventions, there was agreement between all evaluators in the post-test, unlike the pre-test, when there was no agreement between researcher and nurses/medical records in the intervention "promoting self-care: hygiene. Conclusion: the agreement between forms filled out individually by the groups increased significantly in most of the self-care measures assessed and, in the interventions, provided after the implementation of the SafeCare Model.

Do global ao local: desafios para redução de riscos à saúde relacionados com mudanças climáticas, desastre e Emergências em Saúde Pública / From global to local: challenges to reduce health risks related to climate change, disasters, and Public Health Emergencies

RESUMO Pela primeira vez na história, presenciam-se transformações no padrão esperado do clima com consequências ainda desconhecidas para sociedade industrial moderna. Esses riscos globais ocorrem em um mundo cada vez mais conectado, com população crescente e ambientalmente degradado, tendo como pano de fundo um cenário em que há uma relação proporcionalmente inversa entre os países, populações e grupos sociais que sofrem, de modo mais amplo e intenso, os riscos e danos provocados pelas mudanças climáticas. Um dos impactos imediatos já observados é o aumento na frequência e na magnitude de eventos extremos, gerando cenários propícios ao surgimento de emergências em saúde. Este artigo teve como objetivo apresentar os principais desafios para redução de riscos à saúde relacionados com mudanças no clima, desastre e Emergências em Saúde Pública; os principais avanços nas políticas sobre o tema; e ações de saúde dentro desse complexo cenário social, ambiental e sanitário iminente. Como resultado, apresentam-se os principais acordos globais relacionados e as necessidades de ampliação do Sistema Nacional de Redução de Riscos à Saúde visando fortalecer as ações necessárias, a fim de obter resposta adequada aos fatores de risco apresentados. Para tanto, apresentam-se seis recomendações necessária à elaboração desse sistema.

ABSTRACT For the first time in history, transformations in the expected pattern of the climate are witnessed with consequences still unknown for modern industrial society. These global risks occur in an increasingly connected world, with a growing and environmentally degraded population, against the background of a scenario in which there is a proportionately inverse relationship between countries, populations and social groups that suffer, in a broader and more intense way, the risks and damages caused by climate change. One of the immediate impacts already observed is the increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, generating scenarios favorable to the emergence of health emergencies. This article aimed to present the main challenges for reducing health risks related to climate change, disaster and Public Health Emergencies; the main advances in policies on the subject; and health actions within this complex imminent social, environmental and health scenario. As a result, the main related global agreements and the needs to expand the National Health Risk Reduction System are presented, aiming at strengthening the necessary actions, in order to obtain an adequate response to the risk factors presented. To this end, six recommendations are presented that are necessary for the elaboration of this system.

Life-course socioeconomic status and lung function in adulthood: a study in the EPIPorto cohort.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the association of life-course socioeconomic status (SES) with lung function during adulthood, by exploring the influence of life-course social mobility and of cumulative exposure to low SES. METHODS: Participants were 1458 individuals from EPIPorto study, a population-based cohort of Portuguese adults. The life-course SES was computed using participants' paternal occupation and own occupation, resulting in four patterns: stable high, upward, downward, stable low. A cumulative life-course SES index was also calculated using the participants' paternal occupation, own education and occupation. Lung function during adulthood was assessed with forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) percentages predicted (higher percentages are associated with better lung function). Linear regression models were used to estimate beta coefficients and 95% CI for the association of socioeconomic indicators and lung function. RESULTS: Disadvantaged SES from childhood to adulthood was associated with lower lung function (FEV1:-6.64%,-10.68;-2.60/FVC:-3.77%,-7.45;-0.08), and the greater the socioeconomic disadvantage, the lower the lung function (FEV1:-2.56%,-3.98;-1.15/FVC:-1.54%,-2.83;-0.24) among men, independently of marital status and behavioural factors. Among women, SES effects were only observed in those experiencing a stable low life-course SES at older ages (-5.15%,-10.20;-0.09). Men experiencing a downward social mobility presented the lowest lung function, but there was attenuation to the null after accounting for marital status and behavioural factors. CONCLUSION: A life-course disadvantaged SES is an important predictor of lower lung function during adulthood. Downward social mobility was associated with the lowest lung function among men, although this association was mostly explained by behavioural factors.

Prevalence of Portuguese Children Exposed to Secondhand Smoke at Home and in the Car.

INTRODUCTION: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke is a cause of serious health problems and infant morbidity. This is the first nationally representative study conducted in Portugal to describe the prevalence of children exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 2396 Portuguese children aged 0 to 9 years old, stratified by age and administrative region NUTS II. Questionnaires were administered between January and September 2016. RESULTS: Results showed that 6.1% of mothers and 11.2% of fathers reported smoking at home. It was found that 4.5% of mothers and 8.3% of fathers reported smoking in the car. Results also showed that 5.4% of children were double exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. Children whose parents were smokers and had a lower level of education were more exposed to secondhand smoke at home. DISCUSSION: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke has been decreasing in Portugal. Parental smoking and a low educational level were risk factors for children's exposure to secondhand smoke at home. CONCLUSION: The main source of children's exposure to secondhand smoke is parental smoking. As such, it is crucial to implement effective measures to control parental smoking. It is necessary to promote smoking cessation among parents and to ban smoking inside the car.

Introdução: A exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco é uma importante causa de graves problemas de saúde e morbilidade infantil. Este é o primeiro estudo com representatividade nacional realizado em Portugal a descrever a prevalência de crianças expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa e no carro. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que inclui uma amostra representativa de 2396 crianças portuguesas dos 0 aos 9 anos de idade, estratificada por idade e por região administrativa NUTS II. A aplicação de questionários decorreu entre janeiro e setembro de 2016. Resultados: Verifica-se que 6,1% das mães e 11,2% dos pais fumam no domicílio. Constata-se que 4,5% das mães e 8,3% dos pais fumam no carro. Verifica-se também que 5,4% das crianças estão duplamente expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa e no carro. As crianças cujos pais são fumadores e com menor nível de escolaridade, estão mais expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa. Discussão: A exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco tem diminuído em Portugal. Ainda assim, o consumo de tabaco dos pais e um baixo nível de escolaridade são fatores de risco para a exposição das crianças em casa. Conclusão: Uma vez que a principal fonte de exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco é o tabagismo dos pais, é necessário promover a cessação tabágica junto dos mesmos, assim como implementar a proibição de fumar no carro.

Socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function from childhood to early adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances in early life have the potential to impact lung function. Thus, this study aimed to summarise evidence on the association between socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function from childhood to young adulthood. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis guidelines, Medline, ISI-Web of Science and Scopus were searched from inception up to January 2018. Original studies on the association between socioeconomic circumstances and respiratory function in early ages (ie, participants younger than 25 years of age) were investigated. Two investigators independently evaluated articles, applied the exclusion criteria, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A meta-analysis of the standardised mean difference and 95% CI in respiratory function between participants from different socioeconomic circumstances was conducted, using a random-effects model. RESULTS: Thirty-three papers were included in this review and 23 showed that disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances were significantly associated with reduced respiratory function. The meta-analysis including seven papers showed a significant difference of -0.31 (95% CI -0.42 to -0.21) litres in forced expiratory volume in the first second between children, adolescents and young adults from disadvantaged versus advantaged socioeconomic circumstances. Specifically a difference of -0.31 (95% CI -0.51 to -0.10) litres in girls and -0.43 (95% CI -0.51 to -0.35) litres in boys was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Children, adolescents and young adults from disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances had lower respiratory function, and boys presented higher respiratory health inequalities. This information contributes to explain the social patterning of respiratory diseases, and might enable health policy makers to tackle respiratory health inequalities at early ages.

Caracterización del perfil epidemiológico del síndrome metabólico y factores de riesgo asociados. Cochabamba, Bolivia / Characterization of the epidemiological profile of the metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors. Cochabamba, Bolivia

La evaluación del perfil epidemiológico del Síndrome Metabólico en población general usando la metodología WHO-STEPS de la Organización Mundial de la Salud es incipiente o nula en muchos países Latino Americanos. OBJETIVO: caracterizar el perfil epidemiológico del Síndrome Metabólico y sus factores de riesgo asociados en población general mayor de 18 años en la ciudad de Cochabamba, Bolivia, durante la gestión II-2016. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de corte transversal, en población general de 18 o más años, con una muestra de n=186 sujetos ajustados por grupo etario y sexo en base a la pirámide poblacional de Cochabamba-Bolivia. Se aplicó la metodología STEPS (pasos) de la OPS/OMS para la recolección de la información centrada en datos sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, evaluación física y laboratorial. Se calcularon proporciones e intervalos de confianza al 95% conforme lo establecido en el manual de implementación de la metodología STEP; y regresión logística multivariada para la obtención del OR ajustado para el nivel de riesgo asociados al Síndrome Metabólico. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia global de Síndrome metabólico fue de 44,1%; la prevalencia de sus factores de riesgo asociados fue: STEP-1, Tabaquismo 11,29%; consumo actual de alcohol 63,44%; bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales 76,88%; sedentarismo o bajo nivel de actividad física 75,81%. STEP-2: sobrepeso 44,62%; obesidad 24,73%; obesidad abdominal 38,7% y presión arterial elevada en 35,14%. STEP3: Glicemia alterada en ayunas 36,02%; Insulina basal alterada 36,56%; colesterol total elevado 36,02%; Triglicéridos elevados 46,77% y HDL-colesterol reducido en el 66,67%. Los niveles de OR ajustado fueron >1 y estadísticamente significativas para las medidas físicas y laboratoriales. CONCLUSIÓN: el síndrome metabólico en altamente prevalente en la población general de la ciudad de Cochabamba y se asocia a niveles elevados de IMC, presión arterial elevada y perfil laboratorial alterado.

The epidemiological profile evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome in the general population using the WHO-STEPS approach of the World Health Organization is incipient or null in many Latin American countries. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the epidemiological profile of Metabolic Syndrome and risk factors associated in the general population over 18 years of age in Cercado-Cochabamba city, from Bolivia, during the second semester of 2016. METHODS: an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted in the general population of 18 years of age or older, with a sample of n = 186 subjects adjusted by age group and sex based on the population pyramid of Cochabamba-Bolivia. WHO-STEPS approach was applied for the collection of information focused on sociodemographic data, life habits, physical and laboratory evaluation. Proportions and 95% confidence intervals were calculated as established in the STEP ́ implementation manual, and multivariate logistic regression was calculated to obtain adjusted OR for the level of risk associated with Metabolic Syndrome. RESULTS: the overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 44.1%; the prevalence of risk factors associated were: STEP-1, Smoking 11.29%; current alcohol consumption 63.44%; low consumption of fruits and vegetables 76.88%; sedentary lifestyle or low level of physical activity 75.81%. STEP-2: overweight 44.62%; obesity 24.73%; abdominal obesity 38.7% and high blood pressure 35.14%. STEP3: Hyperglycemia in 36.02%; basal insulin elevated 36.56%; total cholesterol 36.02%; Triglycerides elevated 46.77% and HDL-cholesterol reduced in 66.67%. CONCLUSION: metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in the general population in Cochabamba City and is associated with high levels of BMI, high blood pressure high values of the laboratorial profile.

Traffic risk behaviour: an observational study of drivers' behaviour in Braga (Portugal) / Comportamiento de riesgo vial: un estudio observacional del comportamiento de los conductores en Braga (Portugal)

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